be + past participle · Irregular participles: make → made, write → written, build → built · by + doer when it matters: written by Orwell
A2
Present simple passive
New
Use am / is / are + past participle when the action matters more than who does it.Am / is / are + дієприкметник минулого часу (V3). Підмет не виконує дію, а зазнає її.
subject+am / is / are+past participle
English is spoken in many countries. Англійською розмовляють у багатьох країнах.
These cars are made in Germany. Ці машини виробляють у Німеччині.
The room cleans every day.
The room is cleaned every day.
Типова помилка: Українська часто обходиться безособовою формою («тут говорять англійською»). Англійська вимагає підмета й passive: English is spoken here.
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These cars in Japan.
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Cheese is make from milk.
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The rooms every day.
are cleaned Rooms is plural: are + cleaned.
A2
Past simple passive
New
Use was / were + past participle for a finished action when the doer is not important.Was / were + V3. Was чи were залежить від підмета: однина чи множина.
subject+was / were+past participle
The bridge was built in 1990. Міст збудували 1990 року.
My bags were stolen at the station. Мої сумки вкрали на вокзалі.
The bridge built in 1990.
The bridge was built in 1990.
Типова помилка: Українські «збудували», «вкрали» — безособові активні форми. В англійській потрібен підмет і be: The bridge was built.
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My keys yesterday.
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The letter were sent yesterday.
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This book in 1949.
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The castle in the 12th century.
was built A finished past action: was + built.
A2
Who did it: by
New
Add by + the doer only when it is new or important. Leave it out when it is obvious or unknown.Виконавця вводимо через by: written by Adele. Якщо виконавець очевидний чи невідомий, by не додаємо.
passive verb+by+doer
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. «Гамлета» написав Шекспір.
My phone was stolen. Мій телефон украли.
This song was written from Adele.
This song was written by Adele.
Типова помилка: Українському орудному відмінку («написано Шекспіром») в англійській відповідає by + ім'я, а не from чи with.
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This film was directed Spielberg.
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Who was the song written ?
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The Eiffel Tower was designed Gustave Eiffel's company.
by The doer follows by.
B1
Passive negatives and questions
New
Add not after be for a negative; put be before the subject for a question. Do not use do / does / did with the passive.У запереченні be + not, у питанні be стоїть перед підметом. Do / does / did з passive не вживаємо.
was / were+subject+past participle
This room wasn't cleaned yesterday. Цю кімнату вчора не прибирали.
Was the letter sent on Monday? Лист надіслали в понеділок?
Did the letter sent?
Was the letter sent?
Типова помилка: Українське безособове «не прибирали» англійською потребує be + not + V3: wasn't cleaned, а не didn't cleaned.
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The doors locked at night.
aren't Doors is plural: aren't + past participle.
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These cars made in Italy.
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Did the letter sent yesterday?
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The house isn't built in 1900.
B1
Passive with will, can and must
New
After will, can, must, should, have to and going to, use be + past participle.Після will, can, must, should, have to і going to — be + V3.
subject+will / can / must+be+past participle
The report will be finished tomorrow. Звіт буде завершено завтра.
This form must be signed. Цю форму потрібно підписати.
The report will finished tomorrow.
The report will be finished tomorrow.
Типова помилка: Українське «потрібно підписати» — безособове. В англійській be не опускаємо: must be signed.
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The results will announced tomorrow.
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These shoes can in the machine.
be washed can + be + past participle.
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The room will be tomorrow.
B1
Present continuous passive
New
Use is / are being + past participle for an action that is happening now or around now.Is / are being + V3 — дія над предметом відбувається зараз.
subject+is / are being+past participle
The road is being repaired. Дорогу зараз ремонтують.
Our rooms are being cleaned now. Наші кімнати зараз прибирають.
The road is repairing now.
The road is being repaired now.
Типова помилка: Українське «ремонтують» — безособове, а англійське потребує підмета й is being repaired. Форма is repairing означала б, що дорога сама щось ремонтує.
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The new software tested this week.
is being Software is singular: is being tested.
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The rooms cleaned now.
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