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← Grammar reference

CLAUSES

Relative clauses

A relative clause adds information about a noun with who, which, that, where or when: the man who lives next door.

PeopleThingsPlaces
+the man who lives herethe book that is on the tablethe town where I live
−the girl who doesn't speak Englishthe car that doesn't workthe shop where they don't sell milk
?Do you know the man who lives here?Is this the book that you want?Is this the town where you live?

who / that for people · which / that for things · where for places · when for times · No pronoun needed when it is the object: the book (that) I read

A2

Who, which and that as the subject

New

Use who (or that) for people and which (or that) for things when the pronoun is the subject of the clause.

The woman+ who / which / that+ lives+ next door

  • The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  • I need a phone that works well.
  • The woman which lives next door is a nurse.
  • The woman who lives next door is a nurse.

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My brother has a friend plays the violin.

A2

Leaving out the pronoun

New

When the pronoun is the object of the clause, you can leave it out: the book I read. Never add another pronoun after the verb.

The film+ (that)+ we+ watched

  • The film we watched was long.
  • Where is the book you bought?
  • The film that we watched it was long.
  • The film that we watched was long.

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One word is in the wrong form. Type the correct form.

The movie what I saw was great.

A2

Extra information with commas

New

Use who for people and which for things to add extra information between commas. Do not use that here.

My sister+ , who+ lives+ in Lviv,

  • My sister, who lives in Lviv, is a nurse.
  • I love Kyiv, which is a beautiful city.
  • My sister, that lives in Lviv, is a nurse.
  • My sister, who lives in Lviv, is a nurse.

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One word is in the wrong form. Type the correct form.

Mount Everest, who is in Nepal, is very high.

B1

Where, when and why

New

Use where after a place, when after a time and why after the word reason.

The town+ where+ I+ live

  • This is the café where we first met.
  • I remember the day when I started school.
  • That is the restaurant which we had dinner.
  • That is the restaurant where we had dinner.

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I know the reason she left.

B1

Everything that, not everything what

New

After everything, all, nothing, something and anything use that. Use what only without such a word, when it means the thing that.

Everything+ that+ she+ said

  • Everything that she said was true.
  • This is all that I know.
  • Everything what she said was true.
  • Everything that she said was true.

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  I need is a good night of sleep.